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How to Cite - Citation Styles and Examples

In the process of writing the paper, you are going to use the knowledge and works of other writers and researchers. Whenever you do that you will need to document your source by indicating what you borrowed and from whom. There are various styles of citing documentation:

MLA Style – Modern Languages Association style - literature, arts, and humanities. 

APA Style – American Psychological Association style - psychology, education, and other social sciences

Chicago Style – The Chicago Manual of Style - used with all subjects in the "real world" by books, magazines, newspapers, and other non-scholarly publication

AMA Style – American Medical Association style - medicine, health, and biological sciences.

Karla’s Guide to Citation Style Guide

http://bailiwick.lib.uiowa.edu/journalism/cite.html

Annotated collection of links to the best citation guides on the Internet, especially

citation from the Internet. APA, Chicago, MLA, CBE, ..Guide to Citation Style Guides

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How to assemble list of works cited in your paper

NoodleBib  - Online tool for MLA Bibliographic Format

http://www.noodletools.com/quickcite/citwww3.html

Generate, edit, and publish an MLA Works Cited list that complies with the rules of

the current MLA Handbook. MLA Starter gives the student clear, color-coded

examples of how to cite the sources they are most likely to encounter (printed and

online books, reference sources, magazines, newspapers, etc.). It takes care of

punctuation, alphabetization and formatting, producing a polished source list for

import into Word.  

Suggested Resources on Citation Styles 

The AUBG library offers you information about handbooks and web sites, which give you extensive advice on how to avoid plagiarism and maintain the academic integrity.

1. Gibaldi, Joseph. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 6th Ed. New York: The Modern Language Association of America, 1999. 
http://www.mla.org/store&hzid=S178

2. Assembling a List of Works Cited in Your Paper 
(Covers APA, Chicago, MLA, & Turabian) 
Duke University Libraries 
http://www.lib.duke.edu/libguide/works_cited

 
3. Purdue University Online Writing Lab Citing Guide
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/research/r_mla.html 

4.Online! Citation Styles 
(Covers MLA, APA, Chicago, CBE, and “other”) 
Bedford/St. Martins Press 
http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/citex.html

5. How to Cite Electronic Sources 
(Shows how to cite digitized films, maps, recordings, photographs & other odd sources) 
Library of Congress American Memory Project 
http://memory.loc.gov/learn/start/cite/index.html

6. Hamilton College style sheet 2000-2001 
Writing @ Hamilton 
Reserve in Burke Library (4 copies): HAM COLL HI H2 2000-2001 
http://www.hamilton.edu/writing/style/ 

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Articles From Journals

1. From a printed journal

APA Style
Shibasaki, F. (2005). Technology and ethics. Philosophy and Social Criticism, 31(4), 487-498.

MLA Style
Shabasaki, Fumikazu. "Technology and ethics" Philosophy and Social Criticism 31 (2005): 487-498.

CHICAGO Style
Shibasaki, Fumikazu. "Technology and ethics." Philosophy and Social Criticism 31 (2005): 487-498

Chicago style generally includes the journal issue number:
Shibasaku, F. 2005. "Technology and ethics." Philosophy and Social Criticism 31 (4): 487-498.

2. Articles with multiple authors

APA Style
Jones, G., Hanton S., & Connaughton, D. (2002). What is this thing 
called mental toughness? An investigation of elite sport
performers. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14, 205-218.

MLA Style
Jones, Graham, Sheldon Hanton, and Declan Connaughton. “What 
is This Thing Called Mental Toughness? An Investigation of 
Elite Sport Performers.” Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 
14 (2002): 205-218.

CHICAGO Style
Jones, G., S. Hanton, and D. Connaughton. 2002. What is this thing
called mental toughness? An investigation of elite sport
performers. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 14: 205-218.

Jones, G., S. Hanton, and D. Connaughton. What is this thing
called mental toughness? An investigation of elite sport
performers. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology (2002) 14: 205-218.

3. Articles from an on-line journal

APA Style
Evnine, S. J. (2001). The universality of logic: On the connection
between rationality and logical ability [Electronic version].
Mind, 110, 335-367.

MLA Style
Evnine, Simon J. "The Universality of Logic: On the Connection
between Rationality and Logical Ability." 
Mind 110.438 (2001). 31 July 2001
<http://www3.oup.co.uk/mind/>.

4. Full-text journal article from a database

APA Style
Holton, W. (1994). The Ohio Indians and the coming of the
American Revolution in Virginia. The Journal of Southern
History, 60, 453-478. Retrieved July 31, 2004, from 
JSTOR database.

MLA Style
Holton, Woody. "The Ohio Indians and the Coming of 
the American Revolution in Virginia." The Journal
of Southern History 60.3 (1994): 453-478. JSTOR.
AUBG Lib., Blagoevgrad. 31 July 2004 <http://www.jstor.org>.

CHICAGO Style
Holton, Woody. "The Ohio Indians and the Coming of the 
American Revolution." The Journal of Southern History 7,
(1994): 453-478. In JSTOR [database online]. Cited 31
July 2004. 

Articles from Magazines

1. From a printed magazine

APA Style
Stout, M. (2005, February). The ice people.
Psychology Today, 72-78. 

MLA Style
Stout, Martha. "The Ice People."
Psychology Today Feb. 2005: 72-78.

CHICAGO Style
Stout, Martha. "The Ice People."
Psychology Today Feb. 2005: 72-78.

Stout, M. 2005. The ice people.
Psychology Today, February, 72-78.

2. From an on-line magazine

APA Style
Saletan, W. (2001, August 16). The ethicist's new clothes. Slate.
Retrieved August 17, 2001, from
http://slate.msn.com/framegame/entries/01-08-16_113959.asp

 
MLA Style
Saletan, W. (2001, August 16). The ethicist's new clothes. Slate.
Retrieved August 17, 2001, from
http://slate.msn.com/framegame/entries/01-08-16_113959.asp

CHICAGO Style
Saletan, William. "The Ethicist's New Clothes." Slate, August 16, 2001,
http://slate.msn.com/framegame/entries/01-08-16_113959.asp

3. Full-text magazine article from a database

APA Style
Darrah, Car. (2005, September). Taking the Biggest Leap. Dance Magazine,
Retrieved October 11, 2005, from EBSCO Academic Search Premier.

MLA Style
Darrah, Car. "Taking the Biggest Leap." Dance Magazine Sep. 2005. 
EBSCO Academic Search Premier. AUBG Lib.,
Blagoevgrad. 11 Oct. 2005.

CHICAGO Style
Darrah, Car. "Taking the Biggest Leap." Dance Magazine September 2005. In EBSCO Academic Search Premier [database online].
Accessed 11 October 2005. Available:
AUBG Library

Books

1. Book with a single author

APA Style
Groueff, S. (2003). My Odyssey. New 
York: Writers Advantage. 

MLA Style
Groueff, Stephane. My Odyssey. New
York: Writers Advantage, 2003.

CHICAGO Style
Groueff, Stephane. My Odyssey. New 
York: Writers Advantage, 2003.

2. Book with two authors

APA Style
Benbassa, E., & Rodrigue, A. (1993). The Jews of the Balkans. Oxford UK: 
Blackwell. 

MLA Style
Benbassa, Esther, and Aron Rodrigue. The Jews of the Balkans. Oxford UK: Blackwell, 1993.


CHICAGO Style
Benbassa, Esther, and Aron Rodrigue. The Jews of the Balkans. Oxford: Blackwell, 
1993. 

3. Book with three or more authors

APA Style
Schwartz, D., Ryan, S., & Wostbrock, F. (1995). The encyclopedia of TV 
game shows. New York: Facts on File. 

MLA Style
Schwartz, David, Steve Ryan, and Fred Wostbrock. The 
Encyclopedia of TV Game Shows. New York: Facts on File, 1995.

CHICAGO Style
Schwartz, David, Steve Ryan and Fred Wostbrock. The 
Encyclopedia of TV Game Shows. New York: Facts on File, 1995.


4. Electronic book

APA Style
Yanovski, Roumen (2002). Reporting diversity – a guide to reporting diversity. Sofia: Access Foundation. Retrieved September 26, 2005, from
AUBG University, AUBG University Library, 
Web site: http://library.aubg.bg\LibOnline/RM/e-books/Reporting_Diversity_Book.pdf

MLA Style
Yanovski, Roumen. Reporting Diversity – a guide to reporting diversity. Sofia: Access Foundation, 2002. AUBG University Library, Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria.
26 Sep. 2005 < http://library.aubg.bg\LibOnline/RM/e-books/Reporting_Diversity_Book.pdf >

5. Article within a book

APA Style
Cassel, J., & Zambella, B. (1996). Without a net: Supporting ourselves in 
a tremulous atmosphere. In T. W. Leonhardt (Ed.), "LOEX" of
the West: Teaching and learning in a climate of constant
change (pp. 75-92). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press Inc. 

MLA Style
Cassel, Jeris, and BethAnn Zambella. "Without a Net: Supporting 
Ourselves in a Tremulous Atmosphere." "LOEX" of the West:
Teaching and Learning in a Climate of Constant Change.Ed.
Thomas W. Leonhardt. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1996. 75-92.

CHICAGO Style
Cassel, Jeris, and BethAnn Zambella. "Without a Net: Supporting
Ourselves in a Tremulous Atmosphere." In "LOEX" of the
West: Teaching and Learning in a Climage of Constant Change,
(Greenwich, CT: JAI Press Inc., 1996), 75-92 .

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Newspaper Articles

1. From a printed newspaper

APA Style
Friedman, T. (2005, October 8-9). A Question for Saddam and Bush. International Herald Tribune, pp. 7. 

MLA Style
Friedman, Thomas. "A Question for Saddam and Bush." International Herald Tribune 8-9 October 2005.

2. From an on-line newspaper

APA Style
Griffin, Gregg. (2005, October 7). Eminem’s domain: Rapper sues over tunes used in cellular ring tones. 
The Denver Post. Retrieved October 11, 2005, from 
http://search.epnet.com 

MLA Style
Griffin, Gregg. "Eminem’s domain: Rapper sues over tunes used in cellular ring tones." The Denver Post 
7 Oct. 2005. 11 Oct. 2005 < http://search.epnet.com 

CHICAGO Style
Griffin, Gregg. “Eminem’s domain: Rapper sues over tunes used in cellular ring tones”
The Denver Post [cited 11 October 2005]. 
Available from http://search.epnet.com 

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Primary Sources

1. Letters (unpublished)

APA Style
Herbert E. Wylie, Letter to James Wylie, 15 May 1958 [The original handwritten letter is in the possession of James Wylie, Laingsburg, Michigan. Letter used with permission. Herbert was living in the Methodist Retirement Home in Grand Rapids, Michigan, when the letter was written. He was 84 years old, alert and physically active.]

MLA Style
No examples given

CHICAGO Style 
No examples given

2. Motion picture

APA Style
Kopelson, A. (Producer), & Stone, O. (Writer/Director). (1986). Platoon [Motion Picture]. United States: Hemdale Film Corporation 

MLA Style
Platoon. Prod. Arnold Kopelson. Dir. Oliver Stone. Perf. Tom 
Berenger, Willem Dafoe, and Charlie Sheen. Videocassette. Hemdale Film Corporation, 1986.

CHICAGO Style
Platoon. Produced by Arnold Kopelson and directed by Oliver 
Stone. 120 min. Hemdale Film Corporation, 1986. Videocassette.

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Other Materials

1. Web page – stand alone document on the internet

APA Style

Candide. (1998). Bernstein’s Studio: The Official Leonard Bernstein Site. Retrieved October 12, 2005, from http://www.leonardbernstein.com/studio/element.asp?FeatlD=9&AssetID=24


MLA Style

Bernstein’s Studio: The Official Leonard Bernstein Site. 12 Oct. 2005. 
Candide. 12 Oct. 2005 
<http://www.leonardbernstein.com/studio/element.asp?FeatlD=9&AssetID=24>


CHICAGO Style

Candide. Bernstein’s Studio: The Official Leonard Bernstein Site Historic Site. [updated 11 February 2003; cited 13 February 
2003]. Available from http://www.nps.gov/abli/. 

2. Email message

APA Style
Note: In APA style, email messages should not be included in the Works Cited list, because they are personal communications and cannot be retrieved by a third party. They should, however, be cited in text using parenthetical citations.

MLA Style
Androv, Ivo. " Reminder – Special presentation in the library." E-mail to Elena Lapeva . 12 Oct. 2005.

CHICAGO Style
Androv, Ivo, "Reminder – Special presentation in the library," 12 October 2005, personal email.

3. Book reviews

APA Style
Carroll, J. (2004). [Review of the book Evolution, Human Nature, and Literature]. The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism,
63, (3) 298-300. 

MLA Style
Carroll, Joseph. Rev. of Evolution, Human Nature, and Literature, by Roger Seamon. The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 
63 (2005): 298-300.

CHICAGO Style
Carroll, Joseph. Review of Evolution, Human Nature, and Literature, by Roger Seamon. The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 88 (Summer 2005): 298-300. 

4. Government documents

APA Style
Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 1998: Hearing before the
Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate,
105th Cong., 2nd sess. 1 (1998). 

MLA Style
United States. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Hearing on
the Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 1998. 105th Cong.,
2nd sess. S.J. Res. 1529. Washington: GPO, 1999.

CHICAGO Style
U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on the Judiciary. Hearing on
The Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 1998. 105th Cong., 2nd
sess., 1998.

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Gifts

Gifts in English
The Panitza Library accepts either solicited or unsolicited library materials, as well as monetary contributions. Due to the high costs of managing the gift process, the Library's goal in accepting gifts is to acquire only materials, which are highly relevant to the AUBG needs.
Gifts of all types of library materials should be directed to the Library Director, who evaluates them by consulting the Collection Development Group and faculty members. In case of large collections of donations, the Collection Development Group makes decision after careful discussion and explains the reason of refusal/accept to the donor. Materials are evaluated for retention on the same basis as purchased items. The Library is not obliged to retain gifts that fail to meet its selection criteria. Therefore potential donors are requested to provide a list of the suggested materials for donation to the Library Director. It is up to the discretion of the Library Director and Collection Development Group to decide whether to accept or reject the donation based on their evaluation of its importance and relevance to the AUBG curricula and collection currency. 
When large donations are offered, the Library requires a list of titles (incl. edition, publisher, date of publication) to be provided before shipment. Only the titles evaluated for inclusion will be shipped to the University. If the whole collection is shipped, the donor takes responsibility for the shipment charges.
The Library does not appraise gift items, and any appraisal information used by the donor for tax purposes is the responsibility of the donor. 
The Library sends the donor an acknowledging letter, which includes a description of the gift, but not the value of the gift. 
When a monetary donation is given, the Library adheres to reasonable wishes of the donor, such as the purchase of particular titles or works within a given subject area (if the library collects materials in this subject area). 
The Library does not usually accept or retain the following types of material: 
    · Material whose subject matter does not fall within the current collection objectives 
    · Textbooks (except these in high use on courses thought at the university).
    · Outdated material (unless historically significant) 
    · Odd copies of periodicals (unless needed to complete holdings in the collection) 
    · Paperbacks of recreational readings 
    · Books whose physical condition is so poor that they would not warrant processing and cataloging 
    · Newspapers (unless historically significant) 
    · Duplicate copies of materials that the Library owns (unless there is great demand for a particular title, or if they can be used to replace worn copies). 
    · Gifts in other languages than English and Bulgarian are accepted if they support classes in Modern Languages Department: German, Spanish, French. 

Gifts in non-English languages
Accepting/rejecting donations in non-English languages
After careful discussion of the various practice in accepting donations throughout the years since 1992, and as a result of the experience gained from non-English materials usage in the library, the Collection Development Group (CDG) of the AUBG Library agreed on the following guidelines regarding integration of non-English materials to the AUBG Library collection:
1.1.BULGARIAN language materials:
Accepted and added to the collection are the following categories of donated titles:
· Reference works – proved to be in great demand for students working on projects and papers on Bulgarian economics, politics, history, translation. Examples: “English-Bulgarian Law Dictionary”, “Who is Who in Bulgarian business”, Bulgarian companies directories, etc. 
· State historical material supporting Balkan history courses;
· Statistical works of the National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria;
· Bulgarian National Bank Reports;
· Works by AUBG Board Members and Board of Trustees Members;
· Bulgarian NGO’s periodicals with the following retaining periods in the library stock: bulletins and newsletters : 3 years; magazines – 5 years;
· Works representing Bulgarian classical literature and humanistic thought.
· Bilingual editions of works in English translated into Bulgarian and vice versa. 
Rejected and stored in the storage area and then distributed to other libraries in Bulgaria are the following categories of donated items:
· Fiction and memoirs by local authors;
· Narrowly specialized academic works;
· Bulgarian translations from English of titles that the Library possesses in English;
· Religious or spiritual literature in Bulgarian language with limited curricula or research potential;
· Materials considered duplicate copies of rarely used items;
· Older editions of monographs already in the stacks;
· Material which is considered only “part of the whole” and there is a little likelihood of receiving or purchasing the complete set. 
1.2. OTHER LANGUAGES:
The Panitza Library responsiveness to the multicultural students needs has resulted in
accepting periodicals donations in Romanian, Macedonian and other native languages of AUBG students. The AUBG Periodicals Dept. accepts current subscriptions as well as complete sets of back issues. The donated periodicals should be relevant to the courses taught at the AUBG. 
The Library does not catalog nor add to the collections donated monographs in Serbian, Macedonian, Hungarian, Greek, Russian, Albanian, etc.